Question About Listening Comprehension, Structure Written Expression, Reading Comprehension With Answer

1. Listening Comprehension

Question 1-5 Listen 1

Question 6-11 Listen 2



Question 12-17 Listen 3

Question 18-20 Listen 4

A. Question Listening

1. What does the man imply about calling the professor's work phone?

A. It is impossible since the professor does not give out his work phone number

B. It is not an appropriate way for anyone to contact the professor.

C. It is a way for the man to help the student schedule an interview.

D. It is the only possible way to reach the professor while he is on vacation.

2. Why is the student concerned that the professor is on vacation? 

A. She wants to arrange an interview with him soon.

B. She has forgotten to turn in her final assignment.

C. She is disappointed that professors don't spend more time on campus

D. She is about to go on vacation herself.

3. Why does the man mention that Professor Deane has taken many

interviews already?

A. To explain why Professor Deane is not doing any more interviews

B. To emphasize that Professor Deane is extremely busy

C. To suggest that most of the interviews have gone poorly

D. To indicate that there is a lot of competition for the position

4. Why is the student going abroad?

A. She prefers to study in other countries

B. She won an art scholarship.

C. All students are required to study abroad.

D. Germany is considered the best place to study.

5. Why does the man say this?

A.To discourage the student from waiting outside the professor's office
B. To emphasize his concern for the student's well-being
C. To forbid the student from contacting the professor
D. To suggest that the professor will not be in his office

6. What does the professor mainly discuss?

A. Myths about sea monsters in the Pacific Ocean.
B. The discovery and origins of pollution in the Mariana Trench.
C. New technologies for eliminating marine pollution.
D. The scarcity of published research about the Mariana Trench.

7. What is the professor's opinion about recent explorations
of the Mariana Trench?

A. They have provided a lot of useful data.
B. They have been a major cause of pollution.
C. They show that the Mariana Trench is now pristine.
D. They have not been appreciated by scientists.

8. Why does the professor mention a huge garbage patch in the Pacific Ocean?

A. To give an example of man-made pollution in the oceans
B. To explain why few fish live in the Pacific Ocean
C. To illustrate the vast size of the Pacific Ocean
D. To indicate the difficulty of locating the Mariana Trench

9. What does the professor say about sending humans into the
Mariana Trench?

A. It would be an unreliable method of gathering information.
B. It would terrify the sea animals who inhabit the Mariana Trench.
C. It would provide better data but is currently not feasible.
D. It would demonstrate the power of human ingenuity.

10. Why does the woman mention bacteria that eat pollution?

A. To explain why pollution is not really much of a problem
B. To give an example of a proposal to reduce marine pollution
C. To indicate her skepticism about current technology
D. To argue against the professor's views about pollution

11 . What does the student imply when she says this?

A. She is certain that the Mariana Trench has never been fully explored.
B. She suspects that reports of pollution in the Mariana Trench are exaggerated
C. She had not expected for there to be pollution in the Mariana Trench.
D. She is unconcerned about the effects of pollution in the Mariana Trench.

12. What is the lecture mainly about?

A. The political history of Vietnam
B. The rediscovery of endangered species
C. The Mekong Delta and its wildlife
D. The behavior of small animals

13. According to the professor, what is one reason why so many
animals live in the Mekong Delta?

A. The Mekong Delta is relatively small in size.
B. There is not too much water in the Mekong Delta.
C. There are a variety of different habitats in the Mekong Delta.
D. There are few predators in the Mekong Delta.

14. According to the lecture, what are two features of the miniature rock?
Choose 2 answers.

A. It is the only animal that inhabits the Mekong Delta.
B. It was discovered by a villager in 1996.
C. It went extinct millions of years ago.
D. It lives in small limestone caves.

15. What does the professor say he hopes to do next week?

A. Continue to lecture on river deltas
B. Create a system for scheduling the final exam
C. Cancel class if the weather is nice
D. Tell the students the date of the final exam

16. What is one reason why small land animals often go extinct?

A. They are unable to adapt to a vegetarian diet.
B. They have difficulty finding reliable shelter.
C. They do not reproduce frequently.
D. They are hunted by predatory birds.

17. What does the professor imply about the miniature rock rat?

A. Its discovery was surprising to scientists

B. It has been extinct for thousands of years

C. It is the only rodent in the Mekong Delta

D. It lives in a wide variety of habitats

17. What does the professor imply about the miniature rock rat?

A. Its discovery was surprising to scientists

B. It has been extinct for thousands of years

C. It is the only rodent in the Mekong Delta

D. It lives in a wide variety of habitats

18. Why does the woman initially speak to the man?

A. To change her email address

B. To find a textbook for her class

C. To ask for directions to the student center

D. To complain about not receiving an email

19. What happened to the email the bookstore sent to the woman?

A. She accidentally deleted it.

B. Her computer was not able to display it.

C. It was sent to her official student account.

D. It was sent to another student by accident.

20. Why is the student unable to find the textbook she is looking for?

A. Her professor is no longer using that textbook.

B. The textbook was shelved in the wrong section.

C. The textbook is only available electronically.

D. She forgot to write down the title of the textbook.

Answer

1 C 2 A 3 D 4 B 5 A 6 B 7 A 8 A 9 C 10 B 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 B,D 15 D 16 B 17 A 18 B 19 C 20 A

2. Structured Written Expression

A. Contoh Soal TOEFL Structure 

1. _____ the demands of aerospace, medicine, and agriculture, aengineers, are creating exotic new metallic substances.

(A) Meet
(B) Being met are
(C) To meet
(D) They are meeting

2. _______ James A. Bland, “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny” was adopted is the state song of Virginia in 1940.
(A) Was written b
(B) His writing was
(C) He wrote the
(D) Written by

3. Mary Garden, ______ the early 1900’s was considered one of the best singing actresses of her time.

(A) a soprano was popular

(B) in a popular soprano
(C) was a popular soprano
(D) a popular soprano in

4. In the realm of psychological theory Margaret F. Washburn was a dualist _____ that motor phenomena have an essential role in psychology.
(A) who she believed
(B) who believed
(C) believed
(D) who did she believe

5. Amanda Way's career as a social reformer____ in 1851 when, at an antislavery meeting in Indiana, she called for a state woman's rights convention.

(A) begin
(B) began
(C) have begun
(D) to have begun

6. The celesta, an orchestral percussion instrument, resembles___.
(A) a small upright piano
(B) how a small upright piano
(C) a small upright piano is
(D) as a small upright piano

7. Thomas Paine, _____, wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that identified the American colonies with the cause of liberty.
(A) writer of eloquent
(B) whose eloquent writing
(C) an eloquent writer
(D) writing eloquent

8. Protein digestion begins in the stomach ____ends in the small intestine.
(A) while
(B) and
(C) how
(D) because

9. When natural gas burns, its___ into atoms of carbon and hydrogen.
(A) hydrocarbon molecules, breaking up
(B) broke up by hydrocarbon molecules
(C) hydrocarbon molecules break up
(D) broken up hydrocarbon molecules

10. _____ ballet dancers learn five basic positions for the arms and feet.
(A) All of
(B) Of every
(C) All
(D) Every

11. Some colonies of bryozoans, small marine animals, form ___with trailing stems.
(A) creeping colonies
(B) which colonies creep
(C) creeping colonies are
(D) colonies creep

12. Ruth Bader Ginsburg argued six women's rights cases before the United States Supreme Court in the 1970's,____
(A) of five winning them
(B) five winning of them
(C) of them five winning
(D) winning five of them

13. Natural selection is defined as the process ___the course of evolution by preserving those traits best adapted for an organism's survival.
(A) to which directs
(B) of which directs it
(C) directs it
(D) that directs

14. ____ 363 miles between the cities of Albany and Buffalo in New York State, the Eric Canal helped link the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes.
(A) The extension of
(B) The extension
(C) Extending
(D) Extends

15.The chief sources of B12, a water-soluble vitamin ____ stored in the body, include meat, milk and eggs.
(A) is not
(B) that is not
(C) not that is
(D) that not

16. ____ is rooted in experiments in iron and steel conducted in the nineteenth century.
(A) While the history of twentieth-century architecture
(B) The history of twentieth-century architecture
(C) That the history of twentieth-century architecture
(D) Both twentieth-century architecture and its history

B. Contoh Soal TOEFL Written Expression

17. On Ellesmere Island in the Arctic one fossil forest consist of a nearly hundred
                                                                                        A                 B
      large stumps scattered on an exposed coal bed.
                                C                       D

18. The surface conditions on the planet Mars are the more like the Earth’s than are
                                A                                                    B                                C
       those of any other planet in the solar system.
                               D

19. The midnight sun is a phenomenon in which the Sun visible remains in the sky
                                   A                                                              B                   C
       for twenty-four hours or longer.
                                               D  

20. The Humber River and its valley form a major salmon-fishing, lumbering, hunting,
                                           A              B         C
       and farmer region in western Newfoundland, Canada.
                 D

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

A. Structure
1. Jawab            : (C) To meet
Pola infinitive phrase: to infinitive + object of to infinitive
Kalimat tersebut menyatakan tujuan atau maksud. Maka dibutuhkan to infinitive phrase. Sehingga pilihan phrase yang tepat untuk mengisi rumpang tersebut adalah to meet.

2. Jawaban              : (D) Written by
Kalimat di atas membutuhkan Adjective Phrase untuk menerangkan kata benda “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny”. Frasa ajektif yang paling tepat adalah Written by. Mengapa disebut frasa ajektif, karea past participle (v3) yang tidak ditemani bentuk be atau have adalah sebuah ajektif.

3. Jawaban          : (D) a popular soprano in
Kalimat pada soal membutuhkan Appositive Phrase. Mary Garden dan appositive phrase (a popular soprano) memiliki makna yang sama. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah a popular soprano in.

4. Jawaban            : (B) Who believed
Pola adjective clause : (Conj. + S + V).
Untuk menerangkan kata benda a dualist maka klausa yang tepat adalah who believed.

5. Jawaban             : (B) began.
Kalimat tersebut terdiri dari dua clause:

1.  Amanda Way's career as a social reformer____ in 1851 when
2. she called for a state woman's rights convention.

Anda bisa lihat bahwa clause pertama kehilangan verb (kata kerja) olehnya yang harus kita cari yaitu verb yang bisa mengisi clause tersebut. Jawaban A salah. Clause ke dua menggunakan kata kerja bentuk past (called) jadi begin yang berbentuk present tidak paralel dengan clause ke dua tersebut. Kalimat harus paralel.Jawaban C berbentu past perfect. Ingat past perfect tak akan menggunakan kata keterangan waktu yang pasti seperti pada kalimat ini. Kata keterangan waktu yang pasti pada klaimat ini yaitu in 1851. Jawaban D lebih jelas tak sesuai.

6. Jawaban             : (A) a small upright piano.
Kalimat ini membutuhkan objek dari kata kerja resemble = mirip.

7. Jawaban             : (C) an eloquent writer.
Di antara ke dua koma stelah subject itu membutuhkan appositive yang menjelaskan terkait identitas subject Thomas Paine.

8. Jawaban              : (B) and.
dua kata kerja begins dan ends. jadi dibutuhkan kata penghubung and untuk menghubungkannya.

9. Jawaban               : (C) hydrocarbon molecules break up.
Kata its membutuhkan Noun (phrase) setelahnya. Phrase hydrocarbon molecules sesuai dengan persyaratan in, sementara kata break up menjadi verb dari its hydrocarbon molecules.

10. Jawaban             : (C) All.
Jika menggunakan jawaban A maka seharusya all of the ballet dancers. Jawaban D salah. Kata every harus bertemu noun singular sementara dancers berbentuk jamak.

11. Jawaban             : (A) creeping colonies.
Kata kerja form membutuhkan object.

12. Jawaban             : (D) winning five of them.
Hanya saja saya kurang yakin bagaimana cara menjelaskannya. Kalau saya lihat-lihat bentuk ini masuk di reduction (adverb clause). Jadi winning five of them itu merupakan phrase yang direduksi (hasil reduction) dari adverb clause. Hanya saja yang saya lihat di buku referensi saya -Betty semua contoh Phrase hasil reduction dari adverb clause posisinya di depan kalimat. Jadi itulah mengapa saya kurang yakin dengan penjelasan terkait soal ini. Menurut saya inilah soal TOEFL. Kalau kita perhatikan di buku-buku akademik tingkat advanced banyak kalimat yg menurut kita agak aneh.

13. Jawaban              : (D) that directs.
Jawaban soal ini terkait penggunaan adjective clause yang menjelaskan kata the process.

14. Jawaban              : (C) Extending.
Pelajari tentang reduction dalam adverb clause.
Extending 363 miles between the cities of Albany and Buffalo in New York State. merupkan hasil reduction dari the Eric Canal extends 363 miles between the cities of Albany and Buffalo in New York State.

15. Jawaban              : (B) that is not.
Ada dua clause:
1. The chief sources of B12 include meat, milk and eggs.
2. a water-soluble vitamin ____ stored in the body.
Clause ke dua menjelaskan subejct dari clause pertama. Clause ke dua tersebut membutuhkan verb.

16. Jawaban              : (B) The history of twentieth-century architecture.
Kalimat ini membutuhkas subject.

B. Written Expression.

17. Jawab           : (B) a nearly
      Keyword       : hundred large stumps
      Pembahasan : a nearly -> nearly
                               Kata “a nearly” tidak memerlukan indefinite article/determiner “a”, karena kata benda stumps adalah plural.

18. Jawab            : (B) The more
      Keyword        : the planet Mars
      Pembahasan : the more -> more
                               Pola comparative: more ___ than ___
                               Maka seharusnya tidak perlu definite article “the” tapi cukup “more” saja.

19. Jawab            : (B) visible remains
      Keyword        : the sun
      Pembahasan : visible remains -> remains visible
                               Kata the sun dalam anak kalimat di atas memerlukan predicate bukan noun phrase (visible remains).
                               Yang tepat seharusnya remains visible.

20. Jawab            : (D) farmer
      Keyword        : and
      Pembahasan : farmer -> farming
                               Konjungsi and digunakan untuk menghubungkan kelas kata yang sederajat. Karena sebelum “and” bentuk
                               katanya adalah gerund maka kata farmer seharusnya diubah dalam bentuk gerund juga yaitu farming.

3. Reading Comprehension

 

Questions 1-5

A distinctively American architecture began with Frank Lloyd Wright, who had taken to heart the admonition that form should follow function and who thought of buildings not as separate architectural entities but as parts of an organic whole that included the land, the community, and the society. In a very real way the houses of colonial New England and some of the southern plantations had been functional, but Wright was the first architect to make functionalism the authoritative principle for public as well as for domestic buildings. As early as 1906 he built the Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, the first of those churches that did so much to revolutionize ecclesiastical architecture in the United States. Thereafter he turned his genius to such miscellaneous structures as houses, schools, office buildings, and factories, among them the famous Larkin Building in Buffalo, New York, and the Johnson Wax Company building in Racine, Wisconsin.

1. The phrase “taken to heart” in line 1 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
(A)  Taken seriously
(B)  Criticized
(C)  Memorized
(D)  Taken offence

2. In what way did Wright’s public buildings differ from most of those built by earlier architects?
(A)  They were built on a larger scale.
(B)  Their materials came from the southern United States.
(C)  They looked more like private homes.
(D)  Their designs were based on how they would be used.

3. The author mentions the Unity Temple because, it?
(A)  was Wright’s first building
(B)  influenced the architecture of subsequent churches
(C)  demonstrated traditional ecclesiastical architecture
(D)  was the largest church Wright ever designed

4. The passage mentions that all of the following structures were built by Wright EXCEPT?
(A)  factories
(B)  public buildings
(C)  offices
(D)  southern plantations

5. Which of the following statements best reflects one of Frank Lloyd Wright’s architectural principles?
(A)  Beautiful design is more important than utility.
(B)  Ecclesiastical architecture should be derived from traditional designs.
(C)  A building should fit into its surroundings.
(D)  The architecture of public buildings does not need to be revolutionary

Questions 6-16

There are two basic types of glaciers, those that flow outward in all directions with little regard for any underlying terrain and those that are confined by terrain to a particular path.
The first category of glaciers includes those massive blankets that cover whole continents, appropriately called ice sheets. There must be over 50,000 square kilometers of land covered with ice for the glacier to qualify as an ice sheet. When portions of an ice sheet spread out over the ocean, they form ice shelves.
About 20,000 years ago the Cordilleran Ice Sheet covered nearly all the mountains in southern Alaska, western Canada, and the western United States. It was about 3 kilometers deep at its thickest point in northern Alberta. Now there are only two sheets left on Earth, those covering Greenland and Antarctica.
Any domelike body of ice that also flows out in all directions but covers less than 50,000 square kilometers is called an ice cap. Although ice caps are rare nowadays, there are a number in northeastern Canada, on Baffin Island, and on the Queen Elizabeth Islands.
The second category of glaciers includes those of a variety of shapes and sizes generally called mountain or alpine glaciers. Mountain glaciers are typically identified by the landform that controls their flow. One form of mountain glacier that resembles an ice cap in that it flows outward in several directions is called an ice field. The difference between an ice field and an ice cap is subtle. Essentially, the flow of an ice field is somewhat controlled by surrounding terrain and thus does not have the domelike shape of a cap. There are several ice fields in the Wrangell. St. Elias, and Chugach mountains of Alaska and northern British Columbia.
Less spectacular than large ice fields are the most common types of mountain glaciers: the cirque and valley glaciers. Cirque glaciers are found in depressions in the surface of the land and have a characteristic circular shape. The ice of valley glaciers, bound by terrain, flows down valleys, curves around their corners, and falls over cliffs.

6. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A)  Where major glaciers are located
(B)  How glaciers shape the land
(C)  How glaciers are formed
(D)  The different kinds of glaciers

7. The word “massive” in line 3 is closest in meaning to?
(A)  huge
(B)  strange
(C)  cold
(D)  recent

8. It can be inferred that ice sheets are so named for which of the following reasons?
(A)  They are confined to mountain valleys.
(B)  They cover large areas of land.
(C)  They are thicker in some areas than in others.
(D)  They have a characteristic circular shape.

9. According to the passage, ice shelves can be found?
(A)  covering an entire continent
(B)  buried within the mountains
(C)  spreading into the ocean
(D)  filling deep valleys

10. According to the passage, where was the Cordilleran Ice Sheet thickest?
(A)  Alaska
(B)  Greenland
(C)  Alberta
(D)  Antarctica

11. The word “rare” in line 12 is closest in meaning to?
(A)  small
(B)  unusual
(C)  valuable
(D)  widespread

12. According to the passage (paragraph 5), ice fields resemble ice caps in which of the following ways?
(A)  Their shape
(B)  Their flow
(C)  Their texture
(D)  Their location

13. The word “it” in line 16 refers to?
(A)  glacier
(B)  cap
(C)  difference
(D)  terrain

14. The word “subtle” in line 17 is closest in meaning to?
(A)  slight
(B)  common
(C)  important
(D)  measurable

15. All of the following are alpine glaciers EXCEPT?
(A)  cirque glaciers
(B)  ice caps
(C)  valley glaciers
(D)  ice fields

16. Which of the following types of glaciers does the author use to illustrate the two basic types of glaciers mentioned in line 1?
(A)  Ice fields and cirques
(B)  Cirques and alpine glaciers
(C)  Ice sheets and ice shelves
(D)  Ice sheets and mountain glaciers

Questions 17-20

Tools and hand bones excavated from the Swartkrans cave complex in South Africa suggest that a close relative of early humans known as Australopithecus robustus may have made and used primitive tools long before the species became extinct I million  Line years ago. It may even have made and used primitive tools long before humanity’s direct ancestor, Homo habilis, or “handy man,” began doing so. Homo habilis and its successor, Homo erectus, coexisted with Australopithecus robustus on the plains of South Africa for more than a million years.
The Swartkrans cave in South Africa has been under excavation since the 1940’s. The earliest fossil-containing layers of sedimentary rock in the cave date from about 1.9 million years ago and contain extensive remains of animals, primitive tools, and two or more species of apelike hominids. The key recent discovery involved bones from the hand of Australopithecus robustus, the first time such bones have been found.
The most important feature of the Australopithecus robustus hand was the pollical distal thumb tip, the last bone in the thumb. The bone had an attachment point for a “uniquely human” muscle, the flexor pollicis longus, that had previously been found only in more recent ancestors. That muscle gave Australopithecus robustutJ an opposable thumb, a feature that would allow them to grip objects, including tools. The researchers also found primitive bone and stone implements, especially digging tools, in the same layers of sediments.
Australopithecus robustus were more heavily built- more “robust” in anthropological terms-than their successors. They had broad faces, heavy jaws, and massive crushing and grinding teeth that were used for eating hard fruits, seeds, and fibrous underground plant parts. They walked upright, which would have allowed them to carry and use tools. Most experts had previously believed that Homo habilis were able to supplant Australopithecus robustus because the former’s ability to use tools gave them an innate superiority. The discovery that Australopithecus robustus also used tools means that researchers will have to seek other explanations for their extinction. Perhaps their reliance on naturally occurring plants led to their downfall as the climate became drier and cooler, or perhaps Homo habilis, with their bigger brains, were simply able tomake more sophisticated tools.

17. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that all of the following may have made and used tools EXCEPT.
(A)  Australopithecus robustus
(B)  Homo erectus
(C)  Homo habilis
(D)  Australopithecus robustus’ ancestors

18. The word “extensive” in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A)  numerous
(B)  exposed
(C)  ancient
(D)  valuable

19. Which of the following does the author mention as the most important recent discovery made in the Swartkrans cave?
(A)  Tools
(B)  Teeth
(C)  Plant fossils
(D)  Hand bones

20. What does the third paragraph ‘mainly discuss?
(A)  Features of Australopithecus robustus’ hand
(B)  Purposes for which hominids used tools
(C)  Methods used to determine the age of fossils
(D)  Significant plant fossils found in layers of sediment

Jawaban & Pembahasan

Questions 1-5
A distinctively American architecture began with Frank Lloyd Wright, who had taken to heart the admonition that form should follow function and who thought of buildings not as separate architectural entities but as parts of an organic whole that included the land, the community, and the society. In a very real way the houses of colonial New England and some of the southern plantations had been functional, but Wright was the first architect to make functionalism the authoritative principle for public as well as for domestic buildings. As early as 1906 he built the Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, the first of those churches that did so much to revolutionize ecclesiastical architecture in the United States. Thereafter he turned his genius to such miscellaneous structures as houses, schools, office buildings, and factories, among them the famous Larkin Building in Buffalo, New York, and the Johnson Wax Company building in Racine, Wisconsin.

Terjemahan
Arsitektur khas Amerika dimulai oleh Frank Lloyd Wright, yang telah dikenal bahwa bentuk harus mengikuti fungsi dan siapa yang berpikir bangunan tidak dipisahkan oleh arsitektur tetapi sebagai bagian keseluruhan organik yang termasuk tanah, masyarakat, dan kumpulan masyarakat. Dalam cara yang sangat nyata ,rumah-rumah kolonial New England dan beberapa perkebunan Selatan telah berfungsi, tetapi Wright adalah arsitek pertama yang membuat fungsionalisme prinsip otoritatif untuk umum juga domestik. Sejak 1906, ia membangun Persatuan Candi di Oak Park, Illinois, gereja-Gereja yang pertama dari yang melakukan begitu banyak merevolusi arsitektur gereja di Amerika Serikat. Kemudian menggunakan kejeniusannya untuk struktur yang berbeda-bedaseperti rumah, sekolah, bangunan perkantoran dan pabrik-pabrik, di antaranya Gedung Larkin terkenal di Buffalo, New York, dan perusahaan bangunan Johnson Wax di Racine, Wisconsin.

1. The phrase “taken to heart” in line 1 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
Jawab : A → Taken seriously
Pembahasan : Frasa taken to heart adalah bentuk ungkapan idiomatik dan memiliki arti “melakukan dengan sepenuh hati/serius”.

2. In what way did Wright’s public buildings differ from most of those built by earlier architects?
Jawab :  D → Their designs were based on how they would be used.
Pembahasan : Pada kalimat “…that form should follow function…” menunjukkan bahwa desain seharusnya berdasarkan pada fungsinya, untuk apa nantinya bangunan itu digunakan dan jawaban yang demikian ditemukan di pilihan D.

3. The author mentions the Unity Temple because, it
Jawab :  B → influenced the architecture of subsequent churches
Pembahasan :  Pada kalimat “…the first of those churches that did so much to revolutionize ecclesiastical architecture in the United States” menyatakan bahwa bangunan itu sangat mempengaruhi desain bangunan-bangunan selanjutnya. Jawaban yang mengandung ide serupa ada pada pilihan B.

4. The passage mentions that all of the following structures were built by Wright EXCEPT
Jawab :  D → southern plantations
Pembahasan :  Pada kalimat terakhir jelas bahwa offices, factories dan public building, termasuk churches adalah karyanya. Sedangkan South Plantations bukanlah hasil karyanya karena sudah didesain oleh orang terdahulu seperti yang disebutkan dalam bacaan.

5. Which of the following statements best reflects one of Frank Lloyd Wright’s architectural principles?
Jawab : C → A building should fit into its surroundings.
Pembahasan : Kalimat “…as parts of an organic whole that included the land, the community, and the society” menyatakan bahwa bangunan seharusnya dianggap sebagai bagian dari keseluruhan lingkungan dan masyarakat sekitarnya sehingga dengan kata lain bangunan tersebut harus sesuai dengan lingkungannya.

Questions 6-16
There are two basic types of glaciers, those that flow outward in all directions with little regard for any underlying terrain and those that are confined by terrain to a particular path.
The first category of glaciers includes those massive blankets that cover whole continents, appropriately called ice sheets. There must be over 50,000 square kilometers of land covered with ice for the glacier to qualify as an ice sheet. When portions of an ice sheet spread out over the ocean, they form ice shelves.
About 20,000 years ago the Cordilleran Ice Sheet covered nearly all the mountains in southern Alaska, western Canada, and the western United States. It was about 3 kilometers deep at its thickest point in northern Alberta. Now there are only two sheets left on Earth, those covering Greenland and Antarctica.
Any domelike body of ice that also flows out in all directions but covers less than 50,000 square kilometers is called an ice cap. Although ice caps are rare nowadays, there are a number in northeastern Canada, on Baffin Island, and on the Queen Elizabeth Islands.
The second category of glaciers includes those of a variety of shapes and sizes generally called mountain or alpine glaciers. Mountain glaciers are typically identified by the landform that controls their flow. One form of mountain glacier that resembles an ice cap in that it flows outward in several directions is called an ice field. The difference between an ice field and an ice cap is subtle. Essentially, the flow of an ice field is somewhat controlled by surrounding terrain and thus does not have the domelike shape of a cap. There are several ice fields in the Wrangell. St. Elias, and Chugach mountains of Alaska and northern British Columbia.
Less spectacular than large ice fields are the most common types of mountain glaciers: the cirque and valley glaciers. Cirque glaciers are found in depressions in the surface of the land and have a characteristic circular shape. The ice of valley glaciers, bound by terrain, flows down valleys, curves around their corners, and falls over cliffs.

Terjemahan
Ada dua jenis dasar gletser, yang mengalir ke luar dalam semua arah dengan kurang memperhatikan setiap daerah yang mendasari dan orang-orang yang dibatasi oleh medan untuk suatu jalan tertentu.
Kategori pertama gletser mencakup selimut yang besar yang mencakup seluruh benua, tepat disebut lembaran es. Harus ada lebih dari 50.000 kilometer persegi tanah yang ditutupi dengan es untuk gletser untuk memenuhi syarat sebagai lembar es.
Ketika bagian dari lembaran es menyebar samudera, mereka membentuk es rak. Sekitar 20.000 tahun yang lalu Cordilleran es lembar meliputi hampir semua pegunungan di Alaska Selatan, Kanada Barat dan barat Amerika Serikat. Itu adalah sekitar 3 kilometer yang mendalam pada titik tertebal di northern Alberta. Sekarang yang ada hanya dua lembar yang tersisa di dunia, orang-orang yang meliputi Greenland dan Antartika.
Badan domelike es yang juga mengalir keluar di segala penjuru tetapi mencakup kurang dari
50.000 kilometer persegi yang disebut topi es. Meskipun ice caps langka saat ini, ada beberapa di timur laut Kanada, Baffin Island, dan di Kepulauan Ratu Elizabeth.
Kategori kedua gletser termasuk orang-orang dari berbagai bentuk dan ukuran yang umumnya disebut gunung atau alpine gletser. Gunung gletser biasanya diidentifikasi dengan bentang alam yang mengendalikan aliran mereka. Salah satu bentuk gunung gletser yang menyerupai topi es yang mengalir ke luar dalam beberapa arah disebut medan es. Perbedaan antara medan es dan topi es halus. Pada dasarnya, arus medan es agak dikendalikan oleh daerah sekitarnya dan dengan demikian tidak memiliki bentuk seperti topi. Ada beberapa bidang es di Wrangell. St Elias, dan pegunungan Chugach di Alaska dan British Columbia Utara.
Kurang spektakuler daripada besar es bidang yang paling umum jenis gunung gletser: cirque dan lembah gletser. Cirque gletser ditemukan dalam depresi di permukaan tanah dan memiliki bentuk melingkar yang khas. Es lembah gletser, terikat oleh daerah, mengalir ke lembah, kurva yang disudut-sudut mereka dan jatuh diatas tebing.

6. What does the passage mainly discuss?
Jawab  : D → The different kinds of glaciers
Pembahasan : Ide pokok teks di atas dapat ditemukan pada paragraf pertama kalimat pertama yang menjelaskan dua jenis gletser yang berbeda dan selanjutnya masing-masing dijelaskan lebih lanjut pada paragraf berikutnya.

7. The word “massive” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
Jawab :  A → huge
Pembahasan :  Padanan kata massive adalah huge (sangat besar).

8. It can be inferred that ice sheets are so named for which of the following reasons?
Jawab  : B → They cover large areas of land.
Pembahasan : Frasa whole continents pada kalimat those massive blankets that cover whole continents appropriately called ice sheet menunjukkan bahwa daratan yang tertutup gletser mencakup wilayah yang sangat luas, hampir keseluruhan daratan.

9. According to the passage, ice shelves can be found
Jawab :  C → spreading into the ocean
Pembahasan :  Jawaban dapat ditemukan pada kalimat terakhir paragraf kedua bahwa jika ice sheet tersebar (spread out) di lautan akan terbentuk ice shelves.

10. According to the passage, where was the Cordilleran Ice Sheet thickest?
Jawab : C → Alberta
Pembahasan : Jawaban dapat ditemukan pada baris ke-8: it was about 3 kilometers deep at its thickest point in northern Alberta.

11. The word “rare” in line 11 is closest in meaning to
Jawab  :  B → unusual
Pembahasan :  Rare berarti jarang atau tidak biasa ditemukan sehingga jawaban yang paling mendekati arti dari rare adalah unusual.

12. According to the passage (paragraph 5), ice fields resemble ice caps in which of the following ways?
Jawab : B → Their flow
Pembahasan : Kalimat Mountain glaciers are typically identified by the landform that controls their flow dan dijelaskan lebih lanjut pada kalimat One form of mountain glacier that resembles an ice cap in that it flows outward in several directions is called an ice field menunjukkan bahwa pembentukan ice caps dipengaruhi oleh alirannya (their flow).

13. The word “it” in line 15 refers to
Jawab  :  A → glacier
Pembahasan :  It pada kalimat di atas merujuk pada mountain glacier atau gletser.

14. The word ”subtle” in line 16 is closest in meaning to
Jawab  :  A → slight
Pembahasan :  Padanan kata subtle adalah slight yang keduanya memiliki arti “tipis, halus, atau sedikit”.

15. All of the following are alpine glaciers EXCEPT
Jawab :  B → ice caps
Pembahasan :  Jenis alpine/mountain glacier adalah ice fields, cirque glaciers dan valley glaciers yang semuanya dipengaruhi oleh aliran dan tidak memiliki domelike cap seperti ice caps.

16. Which of the following types of glaciers does the author use to illustrate the two basic types of glaciers mentioned in line 1?
Jawab : D → Ice sheets and mountain glaciers
Pembahasan : Ada dua jenis gletser yaitu ice sheet yang mengalir keluar ke segala arah dan mountain glacier yang arah alirannya terbatas hanya di aliran tertentu.

Questions 17-20
Tools and hand bones excavated from the Swartkrans cave complex in South Africa suggest that a close relative of early humans known as Australopithecus robustus may have made and used primitive tools long before the species became extinct 1 million  Line years ago. It may even have made and used primitive tools long before humanity’s direct ancestor, Homo habilis, or “handy man,” began doing so. Homo habilis and its successor, Homo erectus, coexisted with Australopithecus robustus on the plains of South Africa for more than a million years.
The Swartkrans cave in South Africa has been under excavation since the 1940’s. The earliest fossil-containing layers of sedimentary rock in the cave date from about 1.9 million years ago and contain extensive remains of animals, primitive tools, and two or more species of apelike hominids. The key recent discovery involved bones from the hand of Australopithecus robustus, the first time such bones have been found.
The most important feature of the Australopithecus robustus hand was the pollical distal thumb tip, the last bone in the thumb. The bone had an attachment point for a “uniquely human” muscle, the flexor pollicis longus, that had previously been found only in more recent ancestors. That muscle gave Australopithecus robustutJ an opposable thumb, a feature that would allow them to grip objects, including tools. The researchers also found primitive bone and stone implements, especially digging tools, in the same layers of sediments.
Australopithecus robustus were more heavily built- more “robust” in anthropological terms-than their successors. They had broad faces, heavy jaws, and massive crushing and grinding teeth that were used for eating hard fruits, seeds, and fibrous underground plant parts. They walked upright, which would have allowed them to carry and use tools. Most experts had previously believed that Homo habilis were able to supplant Australopithecus robustus because the former’s ability to use tools gave them an innate superiority. The discovery that Australopithecus robustus also used tools means that researchers will have to seek other explanations for their extinction. Perhaps their reliance on naturally occurring plants led to their downfall as the climate became drier and cooler, or perhaps Homo habilis, with their bigger brains, were simply able tomake more sophisticated tools.

Terjemahan
Alat dan tulang tangan yang digali dari kompleks gua Swartkrans di Afrika Selatan telah menjadi informasi bahwa kerabat dekat awal manusia yang dikenal sebagai Australopithecus robustus telah dibuat dan alat primitif telah digunakan jauh sebelum spesies punah 1 juta tahun lalu. Bahkan mungkin alat primitif telah dibuat dan digunakan jauh sebelum leluhur manusia langsung, Homo habilis atau ‘manusia pembantu’ mulai melakukannya. Homo habilis dan penerusnya, Homo erectus berdampingan dengan Australopithecus robustus di dataran Afrika Selatan selama lebih dari satu juta tahun.
Gua Swartkrans di Afrika Selatan telah di bawah penggalian sejak tahun 1940-an. Fosil pertama yang mengandung lapisan batuan sedimen di gua berasal dari sekitar 1,9 juta tahun yang lalu dan berisi bangkai binatang, alat-alat primitif, dan dua atau lebih spesies hominid yang seprti kera. Penemuan baru-baru ini menemukan tulang dari tangan Australopithecus robustus, pertama kalinya seperti tulang telah ditemukan sebelumnya.
Fitur yang paling penting dari tangan Australopithecus robustus adalah ujung jari distal pollical, tulang di jempol. Tulang itu memiliki titik lanjutan untuk otot ’manusia unik ’, otot flexor pollicis longus, yang sebelumnya telah ditemukan hanya di jaman nenek-moyang yang terdahulu. Otot yang memberikan Australopithecus robustut jempol, bengkak fitur yang akan memungkinkan mereka untuk mencengkeram objek, termasuk alat. Para peneliti juga menemukan tulang primitif dan alat-alat batu, terutama menggali alat-alat, pada lapisan sedimen yang sama.
Australopithecus robustus yang lebih berat dibangun-lebih ’kuat’ dalam antropologi-daripada penerus mereka. Mereka memiliki wajah yang lebar, jaws berat, dan dapat penghancur besar dan penggilingan gigi yang digunakan untuk makan buah-buahan yang keras, benih, dan bagian berserat bawah tanah tanaman. Mereka berjalan tegak, yang akan memungkinkan mereka untuk membawa dan menggunakan alat-alat. Kebanyakan ahli sebelumnya telah percaya bahwa Homo habilis mampu menggantikan Australopithecus robustus karena lebih dahulu mampu untuk menggunakan alat-alat memberi mereka keunggulan bawaan. Penemuan bahwa Australopithecus robustus juga menggunakan alat berarti bahwa para peneliti harus mencari penjelasan lain untuk kepunahan mereka. Mungkin mereka ketergantungan pada tanaman alami yang menyebabkan kejatuhan mereka sebagai iklim menjadi pengering dan pendingin, atau mungkin Homo habilis, dengan otak mereka yang lebih besar, yang hanya dapat membuat alat-alat yang lebih canggih.
17. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that all of the following may have made and used tools EXCEPT
Jawab :  D → Australopithecus robustus’ ancestors
Pembahasan :  Paragraf di atas menjelaskan bahwa alat-alat primitif itu mulai digunakan oleh Australophitecus robustus bersama-sama dengan Homo Habilis dan penerusnya, Homo erectus. Berarti yang bukan adalah nenek moyang Australophitecus robustus.

18. The word “extensive” in line 9 is
Jawab :  A → numerous
Pembahasan :  Extensive memiliki arti luas atau dalam jumlah besar sehingga kata yang paling dekat artinya dengan kata tersebut adalah numerous.

19. Which of the following does the author mention as the most important recent discovery made in the Swartkrans cave?
Jawab : D → Hand bones
Pembahasan : Jawaban tersebut bisa dilihat pada paragraf 2 kalimat The key recent discovery involved bones from the hand of Australopithecus robustus, the first time such bones have been found yang menyatakan bahwa penemuan yang paling penting adalah hand bones.

20. What does the third paragraph ‘mainly discuss?
Jawab : A → Features of Australopithecus robustus’ hand
Pembahasan : Jawaban sangat jelas ditemukan pada kalimat pertama paragraf tersebut yaitu membahas tentang ciri (feature) dari Australopithecus robustus.